effective path length of light ray

When light transmits through aeolotropic crystal,as far as extraordinary light is concerned,there is a smaller included angle between the ray and the wave normal in general,which is usually called walk-off angle.

光在各向异性晶体中传播时,e光的光线方向与光波法线方向一般有一个较小的夹角,即离散角α。

Light,Size and Scale of Artists Studio for Classical Oil Painting New Studio of Chinese Academy of Oil Painting,Beijing;

古典油画艺术家工作室光线及尺度研究 北京中国油画院艺术家新工作室设计

New Lighting Architectural and Urban Lightscape;

新光线 建筑与城市景观照明

In a film,light is used to establish.

电影中的光线,决定场景的气氛效果,帮助画面构图。

Using geometrical method to calculate the gravitational deflection of light ray in the static spherically symmetric gravitational field;

静态球对称引力场中光线偏折的几何算法

The reflection formulas of the ordinary and extraordinary light are given for determining their reflecting orientation of the wave normal and the light ray.

基于电磁波边界条件 ,从几何光学的角度 ,对单轴晶体内表面上光的反射规律进行了分析和讨论 ,给出了寻常光和非常光波法线和光线反射的公式 同时指出了上述结果与由费马原理导出的结果是一致

And the refraction formulas of the light ray are derived by the Fermat s principle which is suited for the uniaxial crystal.

对两单轴晶体交界面上光的折射，根据光的电矢量满足的边界条件，得到了波法线满足的折射公式，同时，根据度规光学中光线径迹的零测地线方程导出的Fermat原理，推得了光线遵从的折射定律。