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” In the Confucian philosophy, while “Dao” is understood as the external truth of life in the universe, “De” is to be perceived as the inner nature that people cultivate after they grasp the external truth and “act” in the way in which people realize their inner nature.

如果说在孔子哲学中“道”是宇宙人生的外在之理,那么,“德”就是人把握了外在之理以后所形成的内在之性,“行”则是把人的内在之性实现出来的路径。